Ch. 27 militarism- glorification of the military. Under militarism, the armed forces and readiness for war came to dominate national policy. ultimatum- final set of demands. To avoid war, said the ultimatum, Serbia must end all anti-Austrian agitation and punish any Serbian official involved in the murder plot. mobilize- to prepare military forces for war. When the plea from Russia for Austria to soften the demands Russia began to mobilize. neutrality- policy of supporting neither side in a war. Italy and Britain remained uncommitted on whether or not to ally with France. Finally the Italians decided to remain neutral. total war- the channeling of a nations entire resources into a war effort. As the struggle wore on, nations realized that a modern, mechanized war required the total commitment of their whole society which resulted in total war. propaganda- the spreading of ideas to promote a certain cause or to damage an opposing cause. An example of the propaganda at the time was people in Germany, learned to sing a Hymn of Hate against the British. atrocity- brutal act against innocent people. The British and French press circulated tales of atrocities that Germany committed. armistice- agreement to end fighting in a war. The new German government sought an armistice with the Allies. reparations- payment for war damages. The Allies blamed the conflict on their defeated foes and insisted that the losers make reparations. mandate- after World War I, a territory that was administered by a western power. Britain and France gained mandates over German colonies in Africa and Ottoman lands in the Middle East. Edith Cavell- Some women became national heroes. Edith Cavell, a British nurse, ran a Red Cross hospital in Belgium even after the German invasion. Georges Clemenceau- As a socialist, he opposed the moderate Leon Gambetta, drove Jules Ferry from power, and first supported then opposed General Boulanger. He was a member of the chamber of deputies of 1876, but was not reelected because he was involved with a Panama Canal. He was also a journalist and writer. Alfred Nobel- He invented the first dynamite. Because of this he set up factories and produced mass amounts of dynamite. The people in the mine paid a large sum of money to use the dynamite instead of having to hand dig. Nobel also helped in the development of artificial rubber, silk, leather, and precious stones. Gavrillo Princip- despite the failure of his conspirators Gavrillo Princip held firm to his plan. He stayed near the route the motorcade would follow later in the day. Joined a terrorist group called Black Hand. He is the one that killed the archduke. Sarajevo- the capitol of Bosnia. This is where the archduke of Austria-Hungary was assassinated. He was shot twice by a terrorist Gavrillo Princip. Woodrow Wilson- president of the United States during the time of World War I. He insisted that the neutral citizens of America could travel the seas safely. Hoping to be a peacemaker he put out the Fourteen points. (Wilson's Fourteen Points)- This was a list of terms for resolving this and future wars. He called for an end of secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade and large scale reductions of armies. He also urged the creation of a general association of nations to keep the peace in the future. Francis Ferdinand- He was the archduke of Austria-Hungary. While in the capital of Bosnia he was murdered by Gavrilo Princip while going to the hospital to visit a wounded officer. Wile going there were seven members of the terrorist group Black Hand. Kaiser William II- The heir who took over after the murder of archduke Francis Ferdinand. He placed harsh demands on Russia. Finally the czar telegraphed the kaiser to soften their demands. When this failed Russia began to mobilize. Bertha Von Sutner- Wrote an antiwar novel Lay Down Your Arms which became a best seller all over Europe. Organized an Australian peace society and was the only woman to attend The Haque conference. Won the first Nobel Peace Prize Triple Alliance- Germany formed a triple alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy. After Bismark resigned, Kaiser William II pursued his own policies but, preserved the Triple Alliance. He allowed the Renaissance Treaty to lapse and let Germany seek new allies. Ottoman Empire- They joined the Central powers in 1914. The Turks then closed off Allied ships from the Dardanelles, a strategic link to the Black Sea and Russia. trench warfare- On the western Front, the warring armies burrowed into a vast system of trenches, stretching from the Swiss frontier to the English Channel. This underground network linked bunkers, communications trenches, and gun emplacements. machine gun (role it played in WWI)- With World War one the machine guns effectiveness rose to frightening levels. They were firing up to 600 bullets a minute. This is equivalent to 250 men with rifles. Machine guns were then deemed to be weapons of mass destruction. airplane (role it played in WWI)- These were the new types of weapons use in advanced technological warfare. They had everything from mini scout planes to huge blimp like bombers called Zeppelins. Air warfare was not seen as important as any other type so it did not have its own category. role of women in WWI- worked as nurses at the war front. They shared the same risks as the soldiers they were treating. This gave them a new sense of pride and confidence. Nationalism (ie. tension between France and Germany)- Nationalism was formed between France and Germany because of the fighting over two provinces: Alsace and Lorraine. Paris Peace Conference- brought three main parties together to discuss the peace arrangements of the world. American neutrality- Americans were neutral throughout the war until Germany repeated their use of unrestricted usage of U-boats Black Hand- organized by Bosnian Serbs, its goal was to organize all South Slav peoples into a single nation. This was the terrorist group that killed the archduke of Austria-Hungary. Treaty of Versailles- written by the Allies after the war and forced Germany to assume full blame for causing the war. It imposed huge reparations that would put an already damaged German economy under a staggering burden self determination- raised expectations for a just and lasting peace, even in defeated Germany. Shleiffen Plan - required German armies to march through Belgium, then swing south behind French lines. U boat- The German ships that sank while crossing the Atlantic Ocean toward Ally ports. Such unrestricted submarine warefare outraged neutral countries, especially the United States. Lusitania- a Britain liner that was torpedoed by German submarine. Almost 1,200 passengers were killing including 128 Americans. Germans said they thought it was carrying weapons. armistice- agreement to end fighting in a war. The new German government sought an armistice with the Allies. mandate- after World War I, a territory that was administered by a western power. Britain and France gained mandates over German colonies in Africa and Ottoman lands in the Middle East. war reparations- payment for war damages. The Allies blamed the conflict on their defeated foes and insisted that the losers make reparations. western front- the deadliest and most stalemated front in the war. Both sides were clearly dug in trenches and made little progress one way or the other. eastern front- between Germany and Russia. This was slightly less defined, but still deadly and involved a lot of trench warfare. Verdun- This is where the allies and central powers launched massive offensives to break the stalemate. German forces tried to overwhelm the French at Verdun. This struggle cost more then half a million casualties on each side. Battle of Marne- The Allies counterattacked against the German forces, with little success. The Germans then attacked the French lines, but their attack failed. As German forces were spread thin, they were forced to withdraw. It soon became clear that this war was not going to be one of sweeping battlefield victories, but a long drawn out struggle.
